RU EN

Page menu:

Evdokimenko M. D. Forest Fires in Mountain Pribaykalie

Authors:
Keywords:
mountain forests, flammability risk, pyrogenic anomalies, Khamar-Daban
Pages:
3–23

Abstract

UDC УДК 630*43: 630.431

How to cite: Evdokimenko M. D. Forest fires in mountain Pribaykalie // Sibirskij Lesnoj Zurnal (Sib. J. For. Sci.). 2021. N. 4. P. 3–23 (in Russian with English abstract and references).

DOI: 10.15372/SJFS20210401

© Evdokimenko M. D., 2021

The formation and current state of forests in this region is closely related to forest fires that regularly occur throughout its territory. The fire hazard of the main forest types has been investigated for all high-altitude-zone vegetation complexes in different parts of the Baikal region. The high fire hazard of forest areas is due to the absolute domination of fire hazardous types of light coniferous stands in their composition and a specific climate with long spring-summer droughts. The most intense situations are observed in especially dry years of climatic cycles, with forest pyrogenic anomalies, when the fire element spreads over the main landscapes simultaneously in several natural regions. Such cataclysms were observed by the author at the very beginning of the study of the problem, during the aerial monitoring of the Baikal forests in the 1960s, when their fire protection was still in an extensive state due to the priority of intensification of logging. Constructive changes in forest management and forest fire protection required appropriate government decisions and fundamental scientific studies. The general management of the organization and maintenance of prospecting works was carried out by academician A. B. Zhukov. On his personal instructions, a route survey of probable objects for experimental research was undertaken in 1972 by a whole group of leading foresters of the V. N. Sukachev Institute Forest & Timber Siberian Branch USSR Academy of Sciences. The geomorphological profile of Khamar-Daban in the southern Baikal region has become a representative and stationary variant. The altitude range is 700–1300 m. The first group of experimental plots was established in the stands of the Siberian stone pine Pinus sibirica Du Tour, fir Abies Mill. and common pine Pinus L. on the northern mega-slope. On the axial part of the ridge, the objects of stationary research were stands of the Siberian stone pine and fir. In the light-coniferous belt on the southern mega-slope, the dynamics of fire hazard in pine and larch stands was studied. Long-term pyrological studies were carried out at all sites using the method of N. P. Kurbatsky. He carried out the scientific supervision of the work, and also directly participated in their implementation at the experimental sites. The stands on the southern mega-slope of Khamar-Daban were distinguished by the longest duration of the fire hazardous state. On the northern megaslope and in the midlands, a moderate situation usually prevailed. These differences are quite adequate to the distribution of atmospheric precipitation along the profile. Differences in the amount of precipitation on the axial part of the ridge and on the southern megslope in spring and summer reached 2–3 times values, and even more in terms of snow reserves. The maximum duration of the fire hazard was recorded in pine forests on insolated slopes. Larch forests differ from pine forests in a relatively low fire hazard. A grass layer is developed there, which prevents the spread of fire during the active growing season. In spring, the differences in the fire hazard of pine and larch forests are less significant. Dark coniferous forests in the middle mountains are distinguished by the shortest duration of the fire hazardous state. However, it should be noted that there is a local peculiarity in the propagation of combustion with the vertical closeness of the canopy in the Siberian stone-fir stands, with the threat of a transition from a ground fire to a crown fire. The timing of the end of the fire hazardous season is naturally related to the geomorphology of the sites. The latest dates were observed in pine forests on the southern megaslope of Khamar-Daban. The dependence of the process of fire maturation in different types of forest on the dynamics of the complex meteorological indicator is traced. The applied significance of the obtained characteristics is due to the fact that each of the three groups of experimental sites is associated with a certain forestry area in the basin of the lake Baikal: Baikal, mountain-taiga and mountain-forest-steppe. The structure and reserves of the ground layer of combustible materials have been studied. The data obtained indicate that more intense fires are possible in the Baikal region compared to other regions of Southern Siberia. The secular periodicity of abnormal forest fire situations is analyzed in connection with the territorial geoclimatic picture at the beginning of the fire hazardous season. The early appearance of spring forest fires at the same time throughout the entire snowless territory of the region is a sure sign of high tension of the beginning fire hazardous season, as it was in 1965, 1969, 1987, 2003 and 2015. It should be noted that after the modernization of the forest complex in the lake Baikal, which followed the scientific developments of the Institute of Forest and Timber, by the 1980s, the situation with forest fires in the region had stabilized. In this regard, there were no obstacles for a positive decision to assign the lake Baikal to the World Natural Heritage Sites. Unfortunately, the subsequent liberal reforms had a destructive effect on the entire forest complex, especially on the fire protection of forests.

Article


СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ (REFERENCES)

Бузыкин А. И. Леса Бурятской АССР // Леса СССР. Т. 4. М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1969. С. 388–437 [Buzykin A. I. Lesa Buryatskoy ASSR (Forests of the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) // Lesa SSSR (Forests of the USSR). V. 4. Moscow: USSR Acad. Sci. Publ., 1969. Р. 388–437 (in Russian)].

Евдокименко М. Д. Потенциальная пожароопасность лесов в бассейне оз. Байкал // Лесоведение. 1991. № 5. С. 14–25 [Evdokimenko M. D. Potentsialnaya pozharoopasnost lesov v basseyne oz. Baykal (Potential fire hazard of forests in the basin of Baikal lake) // Lesovedenie (For. Sci.). 1991. N. 5. P. 14–25 (in Russian with English abstract)].

Евдокименко М. Д. Пирогенные аномалии в лесах Забайкалья и их прогнозирование // География и природ. ресурсы. 2000. № 4. С. 64–71 [Evdokimenko M. D. Pirogennye anomalii v lesakh Zabaykalya i ikh prognozirovanie (Pyrogenic anomalies in the forests of Transbaikalia and their prediction) // Geografiya i prirod. resursy (Geogr. Nat. Res.). 2000. N. 4. P. 64–71 (in Russian with English abstract)].

Евдокименко М. Д. Промышленные рубки и противопожарная профилактика в лесах Восточной Сибири // Лесн. хоз-во. 2007. № 3. С. 16–19 [Evdokimenko M. D. Promyshlennye rubki i protivopozharnaya profilaktika v lesakh Vostochnoy Sibiri (Commercial felling and fire prevention in the forests of Eastern Siberia) // Lesn. khoz-vo (Forestry). 2007. N. 3. P. 16–19 (in Russian)].

Евдокименко М. Д. Природа пожаров в байкальских лесах и совершенствование их противопожарной охраны // Леса бассейна Байкала (состояние, использование и охрана). Красноярск: Ин-т леса им. В. Н. Сукачева СО РАН, 2008. С. 159–227 [Evdokimenko M. D. Priroda pozharov v baykalskikh lesakh i sovershenstvovanie ikh protivopozharnoy okhrany (The nature of fires in the Baikal forests and the improvement of their fire protection) // Lesa basseyna Baykala (sostoyanie, ispolzovanie i okhrana) (Forests of the Baikal basin (condition, use and protection)). Krasnoyarsk: In-t lesa im. V. N. Sukacheva SO RAN (V. N. Sukachev Inst. For. Sib. Br. Rus. Acad. Sci.), 2008. P. 159–227 (in Russian)].

Евдокименко М. Д. Лесоэкологические последствия пожаров в светлохвойных лесах Забайкалья // Экология. 2011а. № 3. С. 191–196 [Evdokimenko M. D. Lesoekologicheskie posledstviya pozharov v svetlokhvoynykh lesakh Zabaykalya (Forest-ecological consequences of fires in light conifer forests of Transbaikalia) // Ekologiya (Ecology). 2011а. N. 3. P. 191–196 (in Russian with English abstract)].

Евдокименко М. Д. Роль пирогенного фактора в продуктивности и динамике сосновых лесов Забайкалья // Сиб. экол. журн. 2011б. Т. 18. № 6. С. 823–833 [Evdokimenko M. D. Rol pirogennogo faktora v produktivnosti i dinamike sosnovykh lesov Zabaykalya (The role of the pyrogenic factor in the productivity and dynamics of the pine forests of Transbaikalia) // Sib. ekol. zhurn. (Sib. J. Ecol.). 2011b. V. 18. N. 6. P. 823–833 (in Russian with English abstract)].

Евдокименко М. Д. Пирогенные нарушения гидротермического режима мерзлотных почв в светлохвойных лесах на юго-востоке Сибири // Почвоведение. 2013. № 2. С. 133–143 [Evdokimenko M. D. Pirogennye narusheniya gidrotermicheskogo rezhima merzlotnykh pochv v svetlokhvoynykh lesakh na yugo-vostoke Sibiri (Pyrogenic disturbances of the hydrothermic regime of cryogenic soils under light coniferous forests in southeastern Siberia) // Pochvovedenie (Soil Sci.). 2013. N. 2. P. 133–143 (in Russian with English abstract)].

Жуков А. Б., Поликарпов Н. П. Основы организации и ведения лесного хозяйства в бассейне озера Байкал // Лесн. хоз-во. 1973. № 1. С. 68–77 [Zhukov A. B., Polikarpov N. P. Osnovy organizatsii i vedeniya lesnogo khozyaystva v basseyne ozera Baykal (Bases for organization and forest management in the basin of Baikal lake) // Lesn. khoz-vo (Forestry). 1973. N. 1. P. 68–77 (in Russian)].

Курбатский Н. П. Техника и тактика тушения лесных пожаров. М.: Гослесбумиздат, 1962. 154 с. [Kurbatskiy N. P. Tekhnika i taktika tusheniya lesnykh pozharov (Technique and tactics of extinguishing forest fires). Moscow: Goslesbumizdat, 1962. 154 p. (in Russian)].

Курбатский Н. П. Проблема лесных пожаров // Возникновение лесных пожаров: сб. ст. М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1964. С. 5–60 [Kurbatskiy N. P. Problema lesnykh pozharov (The problem of forest fires) // Vozniknovenie lesnykh pozharov: sb. st. (Emergence of forest fires: coll. articles). Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR (USSR Acad. Sci. Publ.), 1964. P. 5–60 (in Russian)].

Курбатский Н. П. Исследование количества и свойств лесных горючих материалов // Вопросы лесной пирологии. Красноярск: Ин-т леса и древесины им. В. Н. Сукачева СО АН СССР, 1970. С. 5–58 [Kurbatskiy N. P. Issledovanie kolichestva i svoystv lesnykh goryuchikh materialov (Study of the quantity and properties of forest combustible materials) // Voprosy lesnoy pirologii (Questions of forest pyrology). Krasnoyarsk: In-t lesa i drevesiny im. V. N. Sukacheva SO AN SSSR (V. N. Sukachev Inst. For. & Timber Sib. br. USSR Acad. Sci.), 1970. P. 5–58 (in Russian)].

Мелехов И. С. Влияние пожаров на лес. М.; Л.: Гос. лесотех. изд-во, 1948. 126 с. [Melekhov I. S. Vliyanie pozharov na les (Influence of fires on forest). Moscow; Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe lesotekhnicheskoe izd-vo (State For. Publ. House), 1948. 126 p. (in Russian)].

Мелехов И. С. Лесоведение. М.: Лесн. пром-сть, 1980. 406 с. [Melekhov I. S. Lesovedenie (Forest science). Moscow: Lesn. prom-st (Timber Industry), 1980. 406 p. (in Russian)].

Панарин И. И. Леса Прибайкалья (типы леса, микроклимат, характеристика лесообразующих пород). Новосибирск: Наука. Сиб. отд-ние, 1979. 264 с. [Panarin I. I. Lesa Pribaykalya (tipy lesa, mikroklimat, harakteristika lesoobrazuyushchih porod) (Forests of Pribaikalie (forest types, microclimate, characteristics of forest-forming species)). Novosibirsk: Nauka. Sib. otd-nie (Science. Sib. Br.), 1979. 264 p. (in Russian)].

Побединский А. В. Сосновые леса Средней Сибири и Забайкалья. М.: Наука, 1965. 268 с. [Pobedinskiy A. V. Sosnovye lesa Sredney Sibiri i Zabaykalya (Pine forests of Central Siberia and Transbaikalia). Moscow: Nauka (Science), 1965. 268 p. (in Russian)].

Поварницын В. А. Почвы и растительность бассейна р. Верхней Ангары // Бурят-Монголия (почвенно-ботанический, лесоводственный и охотоведческий очерки Северо-Байкальского района). М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1937. С. 7–132 [Povarnitsyn V. A. Pochvy i rastitelnost basseyna r. Verkhney Angary (Soils and vegetation of the river basin Upper Angara) // Buryat-Mongoliya (pochvenno-botanicheskiy, lesovodstvenny i okhotovedcheskiy ocherki Severo-Baykalskogo rayona) (Buryat-Mongolia (soil-botanical, silvicultural and hunting sketches of the North-Baikal region)). Moscow; Leningrad: Izd-vo AN SSSR (USSR Acad. Sci Publ.), 1937. P. 7–132 (in Russian)].

Поликарпов Н. П., Бабинцева Р. М., Чередникова Ю. С. Экологические основы ведения лесного хозяйства в бассейне оз. Байкал // Растительные ресурсы Забайкалья, их охрана и использование. Улан-Удэ: Бурят. филиал СО АН СССР, 1979. С. 52–57 [Polikarpov N. P., Babintseva R. M., Cherednikova Yu. S. Ekologicheskie osnovy vedeniya lesnogo khozyaystva v basseyne oz. Baykal (Ecological bases of forestry in the basin of the lake Baikal) // Rastitelnye resursy Zabaykalya, ikh okhrana i ispol’zovanie (Plant resources of Transbaikalia, their protection and use). Ulan-Ude: Buryat. filial SO AN SSSR (Buryat Br. Sib. Br. USSR Acad. Sci.), 1979. P. 52–57 (in Russian)].

Поликарпов Н. П., Чебакова Н. М., Назимова Д. И. Климат и горные леса Южной Сибири. Новосибирск: Наука. Сиб. отд-ние, 1986. 226 с. [Polikarpov N. P., Chebakova N. M., Nazimova D. I. Klimat i gornye lesa Yuzhnoy Sibiri (Climate and mountain forests of Southern Siberia). Novosibirsk: Nauka. Sib. otd-nie (Science. Sib. br.), 1986. 226 p. (in Russian)].

Софронов М. А. Лесные пожары в горах Южной Сибири. М.: Наука, 1967. 148 с. [Sofronov M. A. Lesnye pozhary v gorakh Yuzhnoy Sibiri (Forest fires in mountains of Southern Siberia). Moscow: Nauka (Science), 1967. 148 p. (in Russian)].

Сукачев В. Н., Поплавская Г. Н. Ботанические исследования северного побережья Байкала // Изв. Имп. Акад. наук. Сер. VI. СПБ., 1914. Т. 8. Вып. 7. С. 1309–1328 [Sukachev V. N., Poplavskaya G. N. Botanicheskie issledovaniya severnogo poberezhya Baykala (Botanical studies of the northern coast of Lake Baikal) // Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk (Proc. Imperial Acad. Sci.). Ser. VI. Saint-Petersburg, 1914. V. 8. Iss. 7. P. 1309–1328 (in Russian)].

Шинкарев И. Н. Лесоводственный очерк Северо-Байкальского района // Бурят-Монголия (почвенно-ботанический, лесоводственный и охотоведческий очерки Северо-Байкальского района). М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1937. С. 175–185 [Shinkarev I. N. Lesovodstvenny ocherk Severo-Baykalskogo rayona (Silvicultural sketch of the North-Baikal region) // Buryat-Mongoliya (pochvenno-botanicheskiy, lesovodstvenny i okhotovedcheskiy ocherki Severo-Baykalskogo rayona) (Buryat-Mongolia (soil-botanical, silvicultural and hunting studies of the North-Baikal region)). Moscow; Leningrad: Izd-vo AN SSSR (USSR Acad. Sci. Publ.), 1937. P. 175–185 (in Russian)].

Evdokimenko M. D. The role of the pyrogenic factor in the productivity and dynamics of the pine forests in Transbaikalia // Contemp. Probl. Ecol. 2011. V. 4. N. 6. P. 608–615 (Original Rus. Text © M. D. Evdokimenko, 2011, publ. in Sibirskii Ekologicheskii Zhurnal. 2011. V. 18. N. 6. P. 823–833).

Evdokimenko M. D. Pyrogenic disturbances of the hydrothermic regime of cryogenic soils under light coniferous forests in southeastern Siberia // Euras. Soil Sci. 2013. V. 46. N. 2. P. 117–126 (Original Rus. Text © M. D. Evdokimenko, 2013, publ. in Pochvovedenie. 2013. N. 2. P. 133–143).

Yevdokimenko M. D. Forest-ecological consequences of fires in light conifer forests of Transbaikalia // Rus. J. Ecol. 2011. V. 42. N. 3. Р. 205–210 (Original Rus. Text © M. D. Yevdokimenko, 2011, publ. in Ekologiya. 2011. N. 3. P. 191–196).


Return to list